This study uses time-series analysis to investigate the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic interactions between beer consumption and the independent variables of income level (Gross Domestic Product per capita), wealth (proxied by money supply, M2) and total exports in Malaysia over the period 1961 to 2009. The study applies the multivariate cointegration methodology to establish the possible causal relations between these variables. The cointegration test and the vector error correction model demonstrate the evidence of a positive long-run relationship between beer consumption and the income level while wealth and exports have a negative impact on beer consumption in Malaysia. The long-term elasticity coefficients of the independent variables on beer consumption display relationships that are theoretically grounded. Further innovative analysis using variance decompositions lends evidence of the dominant influence of income level and exports in forecasting variance in the consumption of beer in Malaysia. The study concludes with an examination of policy implications of these findings.

The purpose of this study is to determine the intertemporal changes that occurred in 1990 and 2000 in the link between migration and environmental degradation in the Asia Pacific region. The study used carbon dioxide emission index, gross domestic per capita income, consumer price index and distance among the countries to conduct a cross-sectional analysis to investigate this relationship. Two different points of time were regressed cross-sectionally and White standard was employed to remove traces of heterogeneity. Results clearly indicated that intertemporal effects between 1990 and 2000 were negligible. Overall, the study found that in the case of Malaysia and Asia Pacific countries, there had been no significant relationship between environmental degradation on emigration. However, other factors such as difference in the price level and inter-country distance influenced emigration significantly. Environment degradation, difference in price level and inter-country distance were found to be insignificant in influencing immigration.

The paper "Is there a link between migration and human development? The case of Malaysia and selected countries" presented at 6th International Borneo Business Conference (IBBC) 2014, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

In recent years, globalization has brought about the importance of English language especially in developing countries. It is believed that English proficiency is integral to human capital development and economic growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the link between English language proficiency and earnings via economic growth in developing countries. The study used the percentage of English language proficiency, per capita income, foreign direct investment and unemployment to conduct an analysis on fifty-three (53) developing countries. The model was regressed cross sectionally and White standard error was employed to remove traces of heterogeneity. As expected, it is found that there are significant relationships between (1) English language proficiency and income per capita; and (2) foreign direct investment and income per capita. The results have important policy implications for the countries desiring to achieve higher earnings and improvement in the overall standard of living.

The purpose of this study is to explore the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic interactions between environmental degradation (proxied by carbon dioxide, CO2 and the independent variables of consumption (proxied by income level or gross domestic product, GDP per capita) and energy use in Malaysia over the period 1971 to 2008, using time-series analysis. The multivariate cointegration methodology is applied in this study to establish the possible causal relations between the variables concerned. The cointegration test and the vector error correction model display the evidence of a positive long-run relationship between consumption and environmental degradation while energy use is negatively related to environmental degradation. The long-term elasticity coefficients of the exploratory variables on environmental degradation display relationships that are theoretically grounded. There is evidence that consumption and energy use have a dominant influence in forecasting environmental degradation variance through further innovation analysis using variance decompositions. The study concludes with an examination of policy implications of the findings.