An issue in the pricing of contingent claims is whether to account for consumption risk. This is relevant for contingent claims on stock indices, such as the FTSE 100 share price index, as investor's desire for smooth consumption is often used to explain risk premiums on stock market portfolios, but is not used to explain risk premiums on contingent claims themselves. This paper addresses this fundamental question by allowing for consumption in an economy to be correlated with returns. Daily data on the FTSE 100 share price index are used to compare three option pricing models: the Black-Scholes option pricing model, a GARCH (1, 1) model priced under a risk-neutral framework, and aGARCH(1, 1) model priced under systematic consumption risk. The findings are that accounting for systematic consumption risk only provides improved accuracy for in-the-money call options. When the correlation between consumption and returns increases, the model that accounts for consumption risk will produce lower call option prices than observed prices for in-the-money call options. These results combined imply that the potential consumption-related premium in the market for contingent claims is constant in the case of FTSE 100 index options.

This paper is the first attempt to investigate the multiscale tendency of the co-movement and cross-correlation of nine Islamic Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) returns across the global developed and emerging markets using both wavelet coherence and wavelet MODWT methods. The wavelet coherence results tend to indicate consistent co movement between most of the ETF returns especially in the long run. The study also uncovers evidence of wide variation of co-movement across the time-scales during the global financial crisis and the Euro debt crisis. Strong co-movement can be observed during the global financialcrisis, both for the medium term investors and long term investors. The paper studies the relationship between different ETF returns using wavelet multi-resolution analysis. The cross-correlation analysis also shows certain significant and positive correlations between the ETF returns, especially during the period of global financial crisis. The findings from these two recent dynamic time-scale decomposition methodologies have important policy implications for both risk management and investors’ investment policy.

This paper is an attempt at re-examining the question of causality between money and prices both in the bivariate and multivariate context of a small developing economy, based on an improved methodology. Pakistan is used as a case study. The study tends to suggest rather strongly that in the case of Pakistan during the period under consideration (1970/71 to 1993/94), contrary to earlier findings, it was price that was the leading variable as the structuralist maintain and not the other way around as the monetarist maintain

Unlike most empirical works on fertility analysis, this study investigates the question as to whether family-planning programs can "cause" a significant fertility decline in a country characterized by very low levels of socioeconomic development. The analysis is based on the application of the following dynamic time-series techniques in a multivariate context: cointegration, vector error-correction modeling, variance decompositions, and impulse response functions. These four dynamic tools are recently developed and hitherto untried in fertility analysis in the context of a poor developing economy such as Bangladesh. Our findings appear to be consistent with the new theoretical view that holds that fertility decline may result from either of two distinct developmental phases, one short-term and the other long-term. According to this view, the second phase (comprising the "sufficient" condition for fertility decline) incorporates the conventional view that in the long term, fertility decline may result from a complex dynamic interaction with organized family planning and significant socioeconomic structural change.

This paper attempts to estimate (i) the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour (ii) returns to scale and (iii) Hicks-neutral disembodIed technical progress in Australian twelve (two digit) manufacturing industries as well as total manufacturing during the period 1968/69 through 1977/78. The method employed to derive the above estimates was the constant elasticity of substitution (C.E.S.) production function. Time series data have been used in that connection. Subject to the limitations of the study, the relative orders of magnitude of the estimates appear to be plausible.

Given the impact of the October 1987 crash pre-empting fears of a deep-seated financial collapse, there is now much scope for assessing its importance quantitatively. In this paper, time series techniques are used to analyse the dynamic linkages and propagation of shocks among five European stock markets. While we do not find any long-run relationship of stock markets over the entire sample ped, evidence is found in support of a unique cointegrating vector over each of the pre- and post-crash samples. Furthermore, the dynamic analysis reveals that the lead-lag relationships changed quite significantly over the sample following the crash.

Our study attempts to discover contagion amongst the Asia-Pacific equity markets (Japan, Hong Kong and Australia) during twelve major crises around the world. We apply both discrete and continuous wavelet decompositions to unveil the multi-horizon nature of co-movement and lead–lag relationship. We find that shocks were transmitted via excessive linkages, with the Asian crisis as the most influential in relation to a sudden stop. We also find that the subprime crisis revealed fundamentals-based contagion, due to the strengthening fundamental linkages, with a dominant role of the Japanese market. Finally, we find low co-movements in the short run, suggesting a partial convergence across the markets

The East Asian financial crisis indicated that one of the factors that played a critical role in affecting the exchange rate of a country was its current account balance. This paper attempts to investigate this hypothesis. The Singaporean dollar (SD) and the Malaysian ringgit (RM) against the yen are taken as case studies. Our analysis is based on the recent cointegration method and we examine two issues. First, whether the exchange rates are cointegrated with the fundamentals as predicted by economic theory. Our focus was to investigate whether the exchange rate movements are affected by the economic fundamentals, particularly the current account balance. Our findings suggest that the model fits the data well. Secondly, we wanted to test the validity of our model for forecasting future exchange rates. The findings show that the model does produce good in-sample as well as out-of-sample forecasts.

The theory of money demand has been explained using different models. Economic theory says that a basic money demand function depends on variables that reflect the level of transactions in the economy such as real income or real wealth, and opportunity cost variables such as the rate of interest or the rate of inflation. This setting does not take into account investment decision by investors, which are reflected in the stock price movements. The money demand function is one of the key models monetary policy makers’ use, as certain measures of money are reliably linked to objectives of policy. These may include intermediate targets such as long-run economic growth (represented by percentage change in real GDP) and steady inflation.

There is this argument that Shari’ah compliant portfolios are at a disadvantage in terms of portfolio diversification given that the exclusion of ‘sin stocks’ shrinks the Islamic investor’s investment universe. This paper investigates first, whether there is empirical evidence to substantiate such a claim, and second, can something be done to alleviate this disadvantage. Our results show that there is statistical evidence that Islamic portfolios are deprived of some benefits of diversification, at the sector level. However, the empirical evidence does not permit us to generalise such a finding at the specific stock level. By analysing the temporal characteristics of correlations using MGARCH-DCC, we argue that Islamic portfolios can minimise loss of diversification benefit by adopting appropriate portfolio allocation strategies. In particular, market sentiment and commodity prices are two key variables that can drive portfolio allocation switching decisions. In short, while there is some evidence that investors of Shari’ah compliant portfolios are denied additional benefits of diversification, there are arguably avenues to mitigate such a disadvantage.

The stock market crash of October 1987 earmarked fears of a deep-seated financial crisis. In recent years, while there has been a number of empirical studies devoted to examinations of the number of common trends in a system of stock price indexes, only a minority has focused on what effect the crash has had on the characteristics [namely, the amount of co-movements amongst markets, their dynamic linkages, and implications for the transmission or propagation mechanism] of major stock markets. In this paper, we demonstrate how the techniques of unit root testing, cointegration, vector error-correction modelling (VECM) and forecast error variance decomposition (VDC) analysis, may be used to shed some light on these concerns in the context of six major international stock markets. Using two non-overlapping samples, we find evidence of a single cointegrating vector (or five common trends) over each of the pre- and post crash samples. A VECM is then constructed in which the temporal causal dynamics are examined, followed by decomposing the total impact of an unanticipated shock to each of the variables beyond the sample period, into proportions attributable to shocks in the other variables including its own. Results tend to broadly indicate: (1) the crash does not appear to have affected the relative leading role played by the US market over other markets; (2) the German and, British markets seem to have become more dependent on other markets over the post-crash era relative to the pre-crash; and (3) provide confirming evidence that, in general, the crash has brought about a greater interaction amongst markets, with a greater role for fluctuations in explaining shocks across markets (including that for the U.S.

This article examines the patterns of dynamic linkages among national stock prices of Australia and four Asian NIC stock markets namely, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong. By employing recently developed time-series techniques results seem to consistently suggest the relatively leading role of the Hong Kong market in driving fluctuations in the Australian and other NIC stock markets. In other words, given the generality of the techniques employed, Hong Kong showed up consistently as the initial receptor of exogenous shocks to the (long-term) equilibrium relationship whereas the Australian and the other NIC markets, particularly the Singaporean and Taiwanese markets had to bear most of the brunt of the burden of short-run adjustment to re-establish the long term equilibrium. Furthermore, given the dominance of the Hong Kong market in the region, the study also brings to light the substantial contribution of the Australian market in explaining the fluctuations to the other three markets, particularly Singapore and Taiwan. Finally, in comparison to all other NIC markets, Taiwan and Singapore appear as the most endogenous, with the former providing significant evidence of its short-term vulnerability to shocks from the more established market such as Australia.

Asymmetric theories predict that information will flow from large stock prices to small stock prices. This paper examines whether the multivariate lead-Iag intraday relationship between large, medium and small stocks in Australia changes according to market trading conditions. The analysis applies recent time series techniques of unit root testing, multivariate Johansen-Juselius tests of cointegration, vector error-correction modelling (VECM), and forecast error variance decomposition (VDC). We find that the information environment faced by stock market participants is fluid and related to whether prices are generally rising or falling. During abearprice phase,large stocks provided the dominant price lead in the stock market. In a bull phase, however, the role of small stocks became more powerful, in both the short and long term, and their prices relatively more exogenous. We conclude that the increased independence of small and medium stocks during the bull price phase is related to an increase in information search, by analysts and market traders, induced by more favourable cost-benefit incentives.

The primary aim of this paper is to make an initial attempt to conduct empirical tests in order to discern the dynamic causal chain-in the Granger (temporal) sense rather than in the structural sense-among real output, money, interest rate, inflation, and the exchange rate in the context of two small Southeast Asian developing economies, such as Thailand and Malaysia. The methodology employed uses various unit root tests and Johansen's cointegration test followed by vector error-correction modeling, variance decompositions, and impulse response functions in order to capture both the within-sample and out-of-sample Granger-causal chain among macroeconomic activity. Given the relatively stable macroeconomic environment in these two growth-oriented economies, the results, quite in line with our expectations, tend to suggest that in the Granger-causality sense, money supply (particularly MI) appears to have played the leading role of a policy variable being the most exogenous of all, and the other variables including output, rate of interest, exchange rate, and prices appear to have borne most of the brunt of short-run adjustment endogenously in different proportions in order to re-establish the long-run equilibrium.

Islamic financial institutions are being pressured by critics to offer profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing such as, venture capital financing, for the purpose of entrepreneurial development aligned to the principle of equity risk sharing. Our study aims to link PLS investments with portfolio optimization opportunities for the Islamic asset managers. Using portfolio analysis with dynamic conditional correlation, Markov switching, and maximal overlap discrete wavelet transformation, our findings tend to indicate that there is indeed a portfolio optimization opportunity in investment universe for the fund managers who invested in PLS investments in the context of venture capital asset class over the long run.

This paper applies a relatively new but generalized concept of fractional cointegration to shed some light on the validity of a long-run relationship between monthly black and official US dollar rates ofthe Brazilian cruzeiro. An investigation ofthe stochastic properties of these rates reveals that, while the relationship is not cointegrated in their logs, they appear to be fractionally cointegrated if we allow for mean reverting processes that are C/(l, d) with Q < d <\. The paper demonstrates that relaxing the condition that the residual from the cointegration equation must be a 1(0) process, captures a much wider class of mean-reversion behaviour. Furthermore, an analysis of the short-run dynamics propelling the long-run relationship tends to imply that although the official rate influences the changes in the black rate, this is purely over the short-run. In the longer term, the black rate is found to be the initial receptor of any exogenous shock to the equilibrium and it is the official exchange rate that bears the brunt of short-run adjustment to re-establish the long-run equilibrium relationship. The approach illustrated in this paper is shown to hold enormous potential for tests of mean reversion involving hypotheses popular to economic and financial research in general, where the dynamics of time-series data are under constant scrutiny.

This paper applies a relatively new concept of fractional cointegration to shed some light on the validity of purchasing power parity as a long-run equilibrium condition, using the Taiwan/US dollar exchange rate. Findings suggest that, while standard tests of cointegration fail to support cointegration between nominal exchange rates, domestic and foreign prices, the fractional cointegration analysis permits deviations from equilibrium to follow a fractionally integrated process and hence captures a much wider class of parity or mean-reversion behaviour. The paper concludes by indicating areas in which fractional cointegration will be a particularly appropriate technique to unearth previously unfounded temporal characteristics.

The issue of whether foreign exchange markets process information efficiently (at least in a speculative, weak sense) has been a topic of renewed attention by empirical analysts in the fields of international finance, international economics and futures markets (see, inter alia, Hakkio and Rush, 1989; Macdonald and Taylor, 1989; Copeland, 1991; Lai and Lai, 1991; Tronzano, 1992; and Karfakis and Moschos, 1994) in a bivariate context, and Coleman, 1990; Alexander and Johnson, 1992; Baillie and Bollerslev, 1989; and Karfakis and Parikh, 1994; in a multivariate context). One of the reasons underlying the regeneration of interest in testing the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) has, to a large extent, been fuelled by the development of sophisticated and practical time-series techniques which essentially aim to uncover important insights into the mechanics of how and to what extent asset prices fully reflect available information or otherwise whether there are untapped profitable opportunities that still remain.

A relatively new but generalized concept of fractional cointegration is applied to shed some light on the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) as a long-run equilibrium condition, by examining the long-run relationship between quarterly consumer price indices and bilateral exchange rates of the Australian dollar and seven major OECD trading partners, over Australia's recent float. The paper demonstrates that relaxing the condition that the residual from the cointegration equation must be a I(0) process, provides a wide range of cases of parity-reversion with processes that are CI(1,d ) with 0

Recent studies contend that trading volume has predictive power for ex ante stock prices, particularly small stocks that do not react quickly to macroeconomic information. This study postulates that a significant amount of macro-information that flows on to stock markets is derived from derivative markets. We examine the impact of short-term futures trading volume and prices on cash stock prices using a case study of 15-min data from the Australian stock index futures market which reports actual trading volume. After applying vector error correction modelling (VECM), variance decomposition and impulse functions, we conclude that futures prices provide a short-term information lead to stock prices that dominates trading volume effects. We also observe asymmetric changes in the impact of trading volume between bull and bear price momentum phases and after large trading volume shocks. These results suggest that, in future, studies on trading volume should control for the cross-correlation impact from derivative prices and the differential impact of trading phases.

The study investigates the impact of the global financial shocks on the correlations between the stock market and interest rate on the one hand and that between conventional and Islamic stocks on the other. The countries investigated are Malaysia, Indonesia, the U.S., Japan, the U.K., Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar with the sample period from December 2004 to December 2012. Changes in correlations for different time scales or investment horizons levels with wavelet analysis were tested. It was found that correlations among Islamic and conventional stock markets in non-shock periods tend to be ...