This paper extracts key variables from documented findings on bank intermediation margins of two types of banks in the Organisation of Islamic Countries. The intermediation margins used as the dependent variable are: net interest margins of conventional banks and the net profit margins of Islamic banks. To overcome the endogeneity issue of variables, an appropriate econometric procedure namely the dynamic Generalized Method of Moments is applied using data from 105 commercial banks over 14 years. The results are interesting: there is a significant difference in the margins across the two types of banks, 2.17% and 1.61% respectively. Capital adequacy, management quality, and diversification determinants significantly explain the margins of both types of banks. We also find evidence suggesting market quality matters. This is an expected result since both banks operate, despite their inherent institutional differences, in a competitive environment to meet the core demands for funds, which are the same, for traditional lending and borrowing activities. However, this also shows that both CBs and IBs in dual banking system are not significantly different from each other, despite the perception arising from minor institutional differences. These findings provide insights on the unique banking performance in dual banking systems.

This book is on the pricing of sovereign debt in 17 bond markets across Asia: from Japan in the Far East and Israel in West Asia. The 17 markets include the very large bond market of Japan, which ranks equal among the largest five markets namely in the UK, the USA, Germany and Switzerland. Sovereign debt overhang is allegedly destabilizing the world economy from October 2011, since when the then Eurozone crisis transformed into government debt overhang crisis. This book is about the economics of how the sovereign debts are rated, priced and sold on the basis of perceived risk by investors buying and selling debt instruments. Developed economies' debt burden as a percentage of national income has risen over 25 years from about 40 percent of GDP to the current figure of about 80 percent largely as a result of profligate government spending. So governments are now overhung with loans. One aim of this book is to highlight the sovereign debts of some 17 important economies in Asia, happily none of them seriously as sick as the ones in EU. One clear lesson from this research effort is that the bond markets are quite clever in pricing different risk levels of sovereign debts in Asian countries.

This book identifies how the major and some minor bond markets reacted to interest rate increases and decreases over the recent few years. As every investor knows excessive borrowings relative to the ability to service loans constitute sovereign debt crisis, and it is not limited only to developing countries as shown by the fall in bond values of profligate borrowers such as the Greece. This book is on the pricing of sovereign debt in 17 bond markets across the developed world, ones that have received most of the investors' money as investments.

This paper reports evidence of significant abnormal returns in call and put options in the New York Stock Exchange around the disclosure time of two equity funding events. The delta values as risk of options are used to adjust gross returns of calls and puts to obtain adjusted abnormal returns. Theory suggests any stock price increases around private placement announcement dates would make calls to become in-the-money, so call prices should increase: conversely, puts would become out-of-money so put prices should be unaffected. Stock price declines around seasoned equity announcement dates would make put prices to increase since puts become in-the-money: call prices, having become out-of-money, would not change. Further, if the spot to the derivative market price impact is due to both markets being fully integrated, a trading strategy could yield profits. To test this, we apply cointegration and Granger-causality tests: we find there is no predictable spot-to-option-market integration in either direction. The empirical evidence of option price changes reported here and also evidence of no integration provide support for the idea that spot and option prices are being formed independently of each other, therefore prices are consistent with the efficient market hypothesis and the option pricing model.

This chapter briefly examines ideas from Islamic wealth management and waqf concepts to see if there are ways in which human welfare can be better managed on a community-action level without the visible hands of the government. To do this, authors first examine the concept of Islamic wealth management, and then provide some discussion on how waqf assets already in place in all Islamic countries could be mobilised to meet the needs of communities for sustainable economic development as well as fairer ways of looking after the needs of the have-nots of societies.

The book begins by defining wealth from both a secular perspective and an Islamic perspective. It describes how wealth needs to be earned in lawful ways, preserved and used to benefit the needs of the community, with a small part of the wealth given away to charity, and the remainder managed in accordance with laws and common practices, as established by a majority consensus of scholars of the religion in historical times. Each section of the book has relevant chapters that discuss the theory, as well as the application and the challenges in Islamic wealth management in real and financial markets.

After 250 years of unbridled pursuit of laissez faire, cross-border free trade via open economy theories and unbridled capitalism over the last four decades, a watershed appears to have been reached at the start of the 21-st century. Mercantilism of the 18-19-th centuries gave way to an open economy model of freer trade in goods and services. The last 40 years saw the dismantling of barriers to financial trade as well. These moves have led to unbridled private pursuit of wealth creation supposedly meant to lead to greater human welfare. Despite the creation of wealth, the dismantling of laws since the Reagan-Thatcher brand of capitalism took root, the wealth inequality has gone to the level existing some 180 years ago: see The Economist (October, 2012). Wealth inequality has started to widen since the 1980s to a level which is reversing a fair degree of prosperity of the middle-class as once shared in all countries that had worked to reduce inequality.

This book is the result of an international collaboration of scholars, all specializing in the field of Islamic finance, publishing symposium findings under the Edward Elgar series on the Foundation of Islamic Finance. Following an initial volume, The Foundations of Islamic Banking. Theory, Practice and Education, 2011, the first volume in the series dealt with a specialized area, namely The Islamic Debt Market for Sukuk Securities (2012). The present book is entitled Risk and Regulation of Islamic Banking, and in comparison with the 2011 volume contains conceptual material, along with new ideas on Islamic banking products, risk, regulation and associated practical issues.

An overview of the challenges ahead for the continued growth of the industry is to be found in this chapter. These issues are faced by every new marketplace, where new securities are issued. How these issues are faced with creative resolutions will provide the pathway for this market to prosper in the future.

The first Malaysia sukuk as a new Islamic financial debt security was issued as a private sector issue by Shell Company (M) Bhd, and raised RM125 million (US$45 million) in 1990. However, sukuk had been introduced earlier in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan back in the 1980s, but the debut of the 1990 issue was after the institutional development of the market for sukuk in several locations in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, and which is now in major financial centres such as in London and Zurich.

In this chapter an attempt is made for the first time to assess the financial performance of Islamic banks and conventional banks by choosing a matched sample of banks to assess their financial performance across the world over a lenghty period. Islamic banking is based on replacing the pre-fixed-interest-based bank deposit-cum-lending activities with risk-sharing and profit-sharing principles advocated by Islam, which in turn appears to be consistent with the social norms of pre-modern societies prior to the rise of interest-based-fractioning banking in the last 200 years, which refers to the fractional-reserve banking from the close of the 18th century.

From a single product offering in 1963, the Islamic financial services industry has grown to an estimated $1.6 trillion in assets. Products must comply with profit and risk-sharing criteria and regulations preventing banks from venturing into activities with high risk and excessive uncertainty. This timely volume analyses these matters and considers the range of new products, discussing both conceptual and practical dimensions.

This book is meant for both professionals and students of capital markets in an emerging economy. It is about financial behaviour of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. It provides for the first time care-fully-researched findings about the structure of pricing in this reasonably-well-organised emerging stock market in Malaysia, which is an attractive Asian location for portfolio investment. The findings reports in this book should provide useful benchmarks for practice by professionals in accounting, finance, financial economics, regulations, etc.

The effects of capital-raising announcements have long been used as an indicator of increased shareholder wealth (Brown and Warner, 1985). Studies on bond announcements, for example, have been largely inconclusive. However, when effects are measured based on bond underlying structure, 'straight and convertible bonds', then the results are more conclusive (Abdul Rahim, 2012). Furthermore, issuances around crisis period are expected to result in negative market reaction as investors prefer liquidity (Fenn, 2000). Sukuk are bond-like instruments that are issued based on the Sharia guidelines and perceived to be less risky due to their risk sharing attribute. Sukuk are issued by the governments and also corporations. Sukuk can either be debt-based or equity-based. The former resembles the conventional bond, and equity-based Sukuk resembles the convertible bonds. It is interesting to ascertain the market reaction to issuance of both type of Sukuk. This study determines the wealth effects of debt-based Sukuk issuances in Indonesia, around crisis period. Sukuk issues have steadily increased in Indonesia, and it is the second largest issuer in 2015 (Zawya, 2015a, 2015b).

Islamic securities are specially tailored financial products that conform to a given set of legal-common-law-based (shari'ah) financial transaction principles, which are deemed strictly applied when designing financial conctracting terms covering such products. These principles are quite different from those used in the design of conventional securities. Available in physical copy only (Call Number: HG 4651 I82I)

This title provides complete information and guidance on the latest developments in the burgeoning sukuk securities markets. Written by leading Islamic finance experts, this essential guide offers insight into the concepts, design features, contract structures, yields, and payoffs in all twelve global sukuk markets, providing Islamic finance professionals with an invaluable addition to their library. The first book to fully introduce the market, this book provides a detailed overview of the sukuk market, with practical guidance toward applying these instruments in real-world scenarios.

The relatively new sukuk (or Islamic debt securities) markets have grown to more than US $800 billion over the past decade, and continue to grow at a rate of around 20-30 per cent per year. Arguably the first of its kind, this path-breaking book provides a unique reference tool relating to key issues surrounding sukuk markets, which are found in 12 major financial centres, including Kuala Lumpur, London and Zurich. The internationally renowned contributors present an in-depth study of sukuk securities, beginning with a comprehensive definition and history. They go on to discuss Islamic financial concepts and practices that govern how sukuk securities are issued, how markets are carefully regulated to protect investors, and how securities are designed to safeguard invested money. The prospects and challenges of developing sukuk Islamic debt markets across the world are also illustrated.

Contemporary economic thoughts equate capital, as mentioned in the above quote, to be wealth, which, as stated in the quote, is the accumulation of things of value from the continuous efforts of humans. Wealth is owned in different proportions by individuals, entities and the state. Wealth can be defined broadly as an item that has some economic substance, a value such that the wealth can be used for several intended purposes, in modern economics, for consumption as theoretically glorified by the Utility Maximization Theorem (Arrow-Debreu). As the great philosopher - economist Adam Smith said, wealth is from the efforts of humans to better the human condition, which then eventually leads to wealth as the capital accumulation owned by nations.

This chapter is written with a view to explain how stock prices react to the issuance of a new kind of debt instrument (the sukuk debt certificates) in two stock markets in the period 2001-15. The existing classical corporate finance theory considers share prices' response to capital issuances to be crucial to any understanding on how to maximize the firm value and thus the shareholder wealth. How this is achieved has been debated extensively and deliberated elaborately by academics over six decades. It stands to reason, though, that maximizing firm value requires effective investment decisions which in turn necessitates access to a valuable source of capital.

This thesis evaluates the wealth effects of corporate Sukuk issuances, based on specific sample traits, for the three largest issuing countries: Malaysia, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. The sample traits include underlying structure, size of issuance and tenor. Previous studies are inconclusive and relate mainly to Malaysian firms only. This could be attributed to the failure to incorporate the effects of Sukuk types, properly identified crisis period effects and market differences. Bai-Perron (2003) break-point analysis is used to correctly identify the crisis periods for the sample. Event study methodology is applied to ascertain market reaction to announcements for a 51-day announcement window: (-40, +10). The cumulative average abnormal returns were estimated after adjustment for non-synchronous trading using the Scholes and Williams (1977) technique and cross-correlation using the Kolari-Pynnonen (2010) method. Similar break-points were observed for Malaysia and Indonesia, whereas Saudi Arabia had delayed and sustained contagion effects. For wealth effects, the results imply that sample traits affect market reaction significantly. The Malaysian market reacts positively to debt-based issuances before and after the crisis. Reaction to equity-based issuances is significantly negative after the crisis. Reaction is positive for larger issuances and shorter tenors. The Indonesian market reacts positively to debt-based issuances during the crisis period. This can be attributed to high issuer ratings, small issuance size, short tenors and high demand. Saudi market reaction is negative post-crisis, similar to the market reaction to convertible bond announcements as documented in the literature.